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Computer security , cybersecurity cyber security , or information technology security IT security is the protection of computer systems and networks from information disclosure, theft of, or damage to their hardware , software , or electronic data , as well as from the disruption or misdirection of the services they provide.
The field has become of significance due to the expanded reliance on computer systems , the Internet , [3] and wireless network standards such as Bluetooth and Wi-Fi , and due to the growth of "smart" devices , including smartphones , televisions , and the various devices that constitute the Internet of things IoT.
Cybersecurity is also one of the significant challenges in the contemporary world , due to the complexity of information systems , both in terms of political usage and technology. Its primary goal is to ensure the system's dependability, integrity, and data privacy. Since the Internet 's arrival and with the digital transformation initiated in recent years, the notion of cybersecurity has become a familiar subject in both our professional and personal lives.
Cybersecurity and cyber threats have been consistently present for the last 50 years of technological change. In the s and s, computer security was mainly limited to academia until the conception of the Internet, where, with increased connectivity, computer viruses and network intrusions began to take off.
After the spread of viruses in the s, the s marked the institutionalization [ clarification needed ] of cyber threats and cybersecurity. The April session organized by Willis Ware at the Spring Joint Computer Conference , and the later publication of the Ware Report , were foundational moments in the history of the field of computer security. However, in the s and s there were no grave computer threats because computers and the internet were still developing, and security threats were easily identifiable.
Most often, threats came from malicious insiders who gained unauthorized access to sensitive documents and files. Although malware and network breaches existed during the early years, they did not use them for financial gain. By the second half of the s, established computer firms like IBM started offering commercial access control systems and computer security software products.
It started with Creeper in It is considered the first computer worm. In , the first anti-virus software was created, called Reaper. Between September and June , a group of German hackers performed the first documented case of cyber espionage. The group hacked into American defense contractors, universities, and military bases' networks and sold gathered information to the Soviet KGB.
The group was led by Markus Hess , who was arrested on 29 June He was convicted of espionage along with two co-conspirators on 15 Feb In , one of the first computer worms, called the Morris worm , was distributed via the Internet. It gained significant mainstream media attention.
Netscape had SSL version 1. These weaknesses included replay attacks and a vulnerability that allowed hackers to alter unencrypted communications sent by users. However, in February , Netscape launched the Version 2.
Protecting information systems includes evaluating software, identifying security flaws, and taking steps to correct the flaws, which is a defensive action. Collecting intelligence includes exploiting security flaws to extract information, which is an offensive action.
Correcting security flaws makes the flaws unavailable for NSA exploitation. The agency analyzes commonly used software in order to find security flaws, which it reserves for offensive purposes against competitors of the United States.
The agency seldom takes defensive action by reporting the flaws to software producers so that they can eliminate them. The offensive strategy worked for a while, but eventually other nations, including Russia , Iran , North Korea , and China , acquired their own offensive capability and have tended to use it against the United States. NSA contractors created and sold "click-and-shoot" attack tools to U. NSA's employees and contractors have been recruited at high salaries by adversaries, anxious to compete in cyberwarfare.
For example, in , the United States and Israel began exploiting security flaws in the Microsoft Windows operating system to attack and damage equipment used in Iran to refine nuclear materials. Iran responded by heavily investing in their own cyberwarfare capability, which they began using against the United States.
A vulnerability is a weakness in design, implementation, operation, or internal control. Most of the vulnerabilities that have been discovered are documented in the Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures CVE database. A backdoor in a computer system, a cryptosystem or an algorithm , is any secret method of bypassing normal authentication or security controls.
They may exist for many reasons, including by original design or poor configuration. They may have been added by an authorized party to allow some legitimate access, or by an attacker for malicious reasons; but regardless of the motives for their existence, they create a vulnerability. Backdoors can be very hard to detect, and backdoors are usually discovered by someone who has access to application source code or intimate knowledge of the operating system of the computer.
Denial of service attacks DoS are designed to make a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users. While a network attack from a single IP address can be blocked by adding a new firewall rule, many forms of Distributed denial of service DDoS attacks are possible, where the attack comes from a large number of points — and defending is much more difficult.
Such attacks can originate from the zombie computers of a botnet or from a range of other possible techniques, including reflection and amplification attacks , where innocent systems are fooled into sending traffic to the victim. An unauthorized user gaining physical access to a computer is most likely able to directly copy data from it.
They may also compromise security by making operating system modifications, installing software worms, keyloggers , covert listening devices or using wireless microphones. Even when the system is protected by standard security measures, these may be bypassed by booting another operating system or tool from a CD-ROM or other bootable media. Disk encryption and Trusted Platform Module are designed to prevent these attacks. Eavesdropping is the act of surreptitiously listening to a private computer "conversation" communication , typically between hosts on a network.
Even machines that operate as a closed system i. Surfacing in , a new class of multi-vector, [18] polymorphic [19] cyber threats combined several types of attacks and changed form to avoid cybersecurity controls as they spread.
Phishing is the attempt of acquiring sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details directly from users by deceiving the users. The fake website often asks for personal information, such as log-in details and passwords.
This information can then be used to gain access to the individual's real account on the real website. Preying on a victim's trust, phishing can be classified as a form of social engineering.
Attackers are using creative ways to gain access to real accounts. A common scam is for attackers to send fake electronic invoices [21] to individuals showing that they recently purchased music, apps, or others, and instructing them to click on a link if the purchases were not authorized.
Privilege escalation describes a situation where an attacker with some level of restricted access is able to, without authorization, elevate their privileges or access level.
For example, a standard computer user may be able to exploit a vulnerability in the system to gain access to restricted data; or even become " root " and have full unrestricted access to a system. Reverse engineering is the process by which a man-made object is deconstructed to reveal its designs, code, architecture, or to extract knowledge from the object; similar to scientific research, the only difference being that scientific research is about a natural phenomenon.
Any computational system affects its environment in some form. This effect it has on its environment, includes a wide range of criteria, which can range from electromagnetic radiation, to residual effect on RAM cells which as a consequent make a Cold boot attack possible, to hardware implementation faults which allow for access and or guessing of other values that normally should be inaccessible.
In Side-channel attack scenarios the attacker would gather such information about a system or network to guess its internal state, and as a result access the information which is assumed by the victim to be secure. Social engineering , in the context of computer security, aims to convince a user to disclose secrets such as passwords, card numbers, etc. A common scam involves emails sent to accounting and finance department personnel, impersonating their CEO and urgently requesting some action.
In May , the Milwaukee Bucks NBA team was the victim of this type of cyber scam with a perpetrator impersonating the team's president Peter Feigin , resulting in the handover of all the team's employees' W-2 tax forms. Spoofing is an act of masquerading as a valid entity through falsification of data such as an IP address or username , in order to gain access to information or resources that one is otherwise unauthorized to obtain. Tampering describes a malicious modification or alteration of data.
So-called Evil Maid attacks and security services planting of surveillance capability into routers are examples. Malicious software malware installed on a computer can leak any information, such as personal information, business information and passwords, can give control of the system to the attacker, and can corrupt or delete data permanently. Employee behavior can have a big impact on information security in organizations.
Cultural concepts can help different segments of the organization work effectively or work against effectiveness towards information security within an organization. Information security culture is the " Andersson and Reimers found that employees often do not see themselves as part of their organization's information security effort and often take actions that impede organizational changes.
The growth in the number of computer systems and the increasing reliance upon them by individuals, businesses, industries, and governments means that there are an increasing number of systems at risk. The computer systems of financial regulators and financial institutions like the U.
Securities and Exchange Commission , SWIFT, investment banks, and commercial banks are prominent hacking targets for cybercriminals interested in manipulating markets and making illicit gains. Computers control functions at many utilities, including coordination of telecommunications , the power grid , nuclear power plants , and valve opening and closing in water and gas networks. The Internet is a potential attack vector for such machines if connected, but the Stuxnet worm demonstrated that even equipment controlled by computers not connected to the Internet can be vulnerable.
In , the Computer Emergency Readiness Team , a division of the Department of Homeland Security , investigated 79 hacking incidents at energy companies. The aviation industry is very reliant on a series of complex systems which could be attacked. The consequences of a successful attack range from loss of confidentiality to loss of system integrity, air traffic control outages, loss of aircraft, and even loss of life. Desktop computers and laptops are commonly targeted to gather passwords or financial account information, or to construct a botnet to attack another target.
Smartphones , tablet computers , smart watches , and other mobile devices such as quantified self devices like activity trackers have sensors such as cameras, microphones, GPS receivers, compasses, and accelerometers which could be exploited, and may collect personal information, including sensitive health information. WiFi, Bluetooth, and cell phone networks on any of these devices could be used as attack vectors, and sensors might be remotely activated after a successful breach.
The increasing number of home automation devices such as the Nest thermostat are also potential targets. Large corporations are common targets. In many cases attacks are aimed at financial gain through identity theft and involve data breaches.
Examples include the loss of millions of clients' credit card details by Home Depot , [47] Staples , [48] Target Corporation , [49] and the most recent breach of Equifax. Medical records have been targeted in general identify theft, health insurance fraud, and impersonating patients to obtain prescription drugs for recreational purposes or resale.
Not all attacks are financially motivated, however: security firm HBGary Federal suffered a serious series of attacks in from hacktivist group Anonymous in retaliation for the firm's CEO claiming to have infiltrated their group, [53] [54] and Sony Pictures was hacked in with the apparent dual motive of embarrassing the company through data leaks and crippling the company by wiping workstations and servers.
Vehicles are increasingly computerized, with engine timing, cruise control , anti-lock brakes , seat belt tensioners, door locks, airbags and advanced driver-assistance systems on many models. Additionally, connected cars may use WiFi and Bluetooth to communicate with onboard consumer devices and the cell phone network.
All of these systems carry some security risk, and such issues have gained wide attention. Simple examples of risk include a malicious compact disc being used as an attack vector, [61] and the car's onboard microphones being used for eavesdropping. However, if access is gained to a car's internal controller area network , the danger is much greater [57] — and in a widely publicized test, hackers remotely carjacked a vehicle from 10 miles away and drove it into a ditch.
Manufacturers are reacting in numerous ways, with Tesla in pushing out some security fixes "over the air" into its cars' computer systems. Government and military computer systems are commonly attacked by activists [67] [68] [69] and foreign powers. The Internet of things IoT is the network of physical objects such as devices, vehicles, and buildings that are embedded with electronics , software , sensors , and network connectivity that enables them to collect and exchange data.
[PDF] Introduction to Access free tutorial for Beginners.
Microsoft access 2016 the complete guide pdf free -
You can import data into Excel from a wide variety of data sources and the sections that follow show you how. For more information on what to do with your midrosoft once it's imported, see How data journeys through Excel. You can create a query from an Excel table, named range, or dynamic array in the current workbook. Importing dynamic arrays requires a Microsoft subscription. Источник статьи more information on dynamic arrays, see Dynamic array formulas and spilled comp,ete behavior.
If prompted, in the Create Table dialog box, you can select the Range Selection button to select a specific range to use as a data source. If the table or range microsoft access 2016 the complete guide pdf free data has column headers, select Complehe table has headers. The header cells are used to define the column names for the query. For more information, see Import from an Excel Table.
In the Excel Browse dialog box, browse for or type a path to the file that you want to query. For more information about advanced connector options, see Excel Workbook.
The following procedure shows the basic steps. For more detailed coverage, see Import or export 20116. In the Comma-Separated Values Browse dialog box, browse for or type a path to the microsoft access 2016 the complete guide pdf free that you want to query. Note: If you are importing data from a CSV file, Power Query will automatically detect column delimiters including column names and types. For example, if you imported the example CSV file below, Power Query automatically uses the microsoft access 2016 the complete guide pdf free row as the column names and changes each column data type.
The following procedure shows the basic steps of importing data. For more detailed coverage, see Import XML data. After the connection succeeds, use the Navigator pane to browse and preview the collections of items in the XML file in a tabular form.
For more information about advanced connector options, see XML. The Import Data dialog box appears. For more information about advanced connector options, see JSON. NET Framework 4. You can download the latest. NET Framework from here. Select your PDF file, and then click Open. The Navigator dialog box opens your PDF and displays available tables. For more information about advanced connector options, see PDF. You can fred data from several files having a similar schema and format from a folder.
Then, you can append the data into one yuide. In the Browse dialog box, locate the folder, and then select Open. For detailed steps, see Import data from a folder with multiple files. Детальнее на этой странице more information about advanced connector options, see Folder. You can import data from several files having a similar schema and format from a SharePoint library.
In the SharePoint Folder dialog box, enter the root URL for the SharePoint site not including any reference посетить страницу источник a library, and then navigate to the library. For more information about advanced connector options, see SharePoint folder.
Optionally, you can specify a Microsoft access 2016 the complete guide pdf free Name as well. If you want to import data using a native database query, specify your query in the SQL Statement box. Windows This is the default selection. Select this if you want to connect using Windows authentication.
After you select this, specify a user источник статьи and password hte connect to your SQL Server instance. By default, the Encrypt connection check box is selected to signify that Power Query connects to your database using an encrypted connection.
If you do not want to connect using an encrypted connection, clear this check box, and then click Connect. If a connection to accrss SQL Server is not guice using an encrypted connection, Power Query prompts you to connect using an unencrypted connection. Click OK in the message to connect using an unencrypted connection. For more information about advanced connector options, see SQL Server database.
In the Import Data dialog box, browse for and locate the Access database file. Select the file, and then select Open. The Navigator dialog box appears. If you have many tables and queries, use the Search box to microsoft access 2016 the complete guide pdf free an object or use the Display Options along with the Refresh button to filter the list.
For more information about advanced connector options, see Access database. Note When you use a workbook connected to a SQL Server Analysis Services database, you may need additional information to answer specific product questions, such as reference information about multidimensional источник MDXor configuration procedures for an online analytical processing OLAP server.
The first page of the Data Connection Wizard microspft. Its title is Connect to Database Server. Tip: If you know the name of the offline cube file that you want to connect to, you can type the complete file path, file name, and extension. Under Log on credentialsdo guice of the following, then click Next :. To use нажмите чтобы перейти current Windows user name and password, click Use Windows Authentication.
To enter a database user name and password, click Use the following User Name and Passwordand then type your user name and password in the corresponding User Name and Password boxes.
Use strong passwords that combine uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers, and symbols. Weak passwords don't mix these elements. For example, Y6dh! Passwords should contain 8 or more characters. A pass phrase that uses 14 or more characters is better. It is critical that you remember your password. If you forget your password, Microsoft cannot retrieve it.
Store the passwords that you write down gyide a secure place away accese the information that they compete protect. Select Next to go to the second wizard screen. Its title is Select Database and Table.
To connect to a specific cube file in the database, make sure that Connect to a specific cube or table is selected, and then blu ray player pc free a cube from the list.
In the Select the database that contains the data you want box, select a database, and then click Kicrosoft. Click Next to go to the third wizard screen. Click Browse to change the default file location of My Data Sources microsoft access 2016 the complete guide pdf free, or check for existing file names. In the DescriptionFriendly Nameand Search Keywords boxes, type a description of the file, a friendly complege, and перейти на страницу search words all are optional.
To ensure that the connection co,plete is used when the PivotTable is refreshed, click Always attempt to use this file to refresh this data. Selecting this check box ensures that updates to the connection file will always be used by all workbooks /10732.txt microsoft access 2016 the complete guide pdf free that connection file.
Microsoft access 2016 the complete guide pdf free can specify how a PivotTable is accessed if the workbook is saved to Excel Services and is opened by tthe Excel Services.
If you want to ensure that the same data is accessed whether you open the workbook in Excel or Excel Services, make sure that the authentication setting in Excel is the same. Select Authentication Settingsand select one of the following options to log on to the data source:. Windows Authentication Select this option to use the Windows username and password of the current user.
This is miccrosoft most secure method, but it can affect performance when there are many users. A site administrator /4365.txt configure a SharePoint site to use a Single Sign On database where a username and tye can be stored. This method can be the most efficient when there are many users. None Select this option to microsoft access 2016 the complete guide pdf free the username and password in the connection file. Important: Avoid saving logon information when connecting to data sources.
This information may be stored as accesx text, and a malicious user could access the information to compromise the security of the data source.
Select Finish to close the Data Connection Wizard. Decide how you want to import the data, 20116 then select OK. For more information about using this dialog box, select the question mark? You can connect to microsoft access 2016 the complete guide pdf free specific offline cube file if it has been created on the database server. You can also import data into Excel as either a Table or co,plete PivotTable report. In the Navigator pane select the database, and then select the cube or tables you want to connect.
Click Load to load the selected table into micrlsoft worksheet, or click Guire to perform additional data filters and transformations in the Power Query Editor before loading it. Note: Before you can connect accesss an Oracle database using Power Queryyou need the Oracle client software v8. If you want to import data using native database query, specify your query in the SQL Statement box.
For more information, see Import data from database using Native Database Query. For more information about advanced connector options, accfss Oracle Database.
Select the driver that matches your Power Query installation bit or bit. For more information, see Import microsoct from axcess database using Native Database Query. For more information about advanced connector options, see Microsoft access 2016 the complete guide pdf free database.
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